BIOFILMUL … sau energia microbilor !
Biofilmul este o structura complexa tri-dimensionala creata de microbi, pentru a se proteja de actiunea sistemului imunitar, bacteriofagi sau medicamente. Biofilmul microbian a fost studiat inca din 1936, iar astazi se considera ca el este implicat in cel putin 60% din infectiile cronice si 90% din infectiile sistemice.
Biofilmul apare in tractul gastrointestinal, placa dentara, infectii ca sinuzita, otita, amigdalita, fibroza chistica, endocardita bacteriana, infectia biliara cronica, prostatita bacteriana, cistita, osteomielita, infectii asociate dispozitivelor medicale, infectiile spitalicesti etc.
Matricea care contine agregatele de celule microbiene este alcatuita din substante polimerice, extracelulare (EPS) si ea constituie partea elastica a biofilmului, care ii confera stabilitate mecanica. Matricea propriu-zisa contine ADN extracelular, polizaharide, (zahar, amidon, inulina, celuloza), proteine, fibre de amiloid etc.
Matricea EPS este “ecranul” care protejeaza comunitatea microbiana de “pradatori” (protozoare si fagii litice) sau substante chimice (antibiotice, biocide). De asemenea ea ajuta la achizitia si distributia nutrientilor.
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Biofilmul are consistenta semi-lichida (vasco-elastica), dar, pe masura ce colecteaza sedimente sau se impregneaza cu ioni de fier si calciu, structura sa devine asemenatoare unui solid casant.
Biofilmul este o structura dinamica si responsiva la mediu. Celulele bacteriene se pot separa de biofilm individual sau in grupuri . Atunci cand se detaseaza in grupuri, ele pastreaza proprietatea de susceptibilitate redusa la antibiotice specifica biofilmului initial.
Cel mai fascinant aspect al biofilmului este faptul ca microbii pot comunica intre ei folosind semnale chimice. Aceasta comunicare se face nu doar intre microbii apartinand aceleiasi specii, ci si cei aprtinand speciilor diferite.
Microbii liberi secreta si ei semnale chimice (HSL=homoserine lactone), dar concentratia scazuta a acestora nu permite schimbarea expresiei genetice. In cazul biofilmului, semnalele chimice ajung la concentratii mari, care traverseaza membranele celulare si induc modificari in activitatea genetica. Astfel, agregatele de bacterii isi vor activa anumite gene numai cand sunt capabile sa sesizeze, prin intermediul semnalarii celulare, ca populatia lor este suficient de numeroasa pentru a initia o activitate genetica: de exemplu, anumite bacterii vor produce toxine numai daca sunt sesizeaza ca suficient de multe ca sa supravietuiasca mecanismelor de aparare ale gazdei. Acest tip de recunoastere se numeste “quorum sensing”.
Biofilmul protejeaza bacteriile de actiunea agentilor anti-microbieni.
A. Reducerea activitatii metabolice in microzona
Microbii liberi utilizeaza nutrientii din organsim, dar nu au suficienta activitate metabolica pentru a saraci substratul celulelor adiacente. Spre deosebire de acestia, activitatea metabolica colectiva a celulelor din biofilm este suficient de mare ca sa afecteze substratul celulelor invecinate –> o activitate metabolica redusa a tesutul uman adiacent care face intreaga zona mai putin susceptibila la agentii anti-microbieni.
B. Activarea raspunsului genetic la stres la celulele interioare
Patogenii liberi au numeroase raspunsuri protective la stresori, dar ei sunt depasiti de un raspuns antimicrobial puternic. Ei mor inainte de a-si activa raspunsul la stres.
In contrast, celulele din interiorul biofilmului pot sa-si activeze raspunsul la stres, cu pretul sacrificarii celulelor exterioare.
C. Putere sporita de neutralizare a agentilor microbieni
Microbii liberi neutralizeaza partial agentul antimicrobian, dar capacitatea lor individuala este prea redusa pentru a scadea semnificativ concentratia antimicrobiana in intreaga zona.
In contrast, puterea de neutralizare a grupurilor de celule permite incetinirea sau penetrarea incompleta a agentilor antimicrobieni in structura biofilmului.
D. Acumularea celulelor rezistente la agentii anti-microbieni
Microbii liber pt da nastere unor celule rezistente la agentii antimicrobieni, dar acestea nu pot rezista prea mult timp, si redevin sensibile la stresori.
In contrast, celulele rezistente se acumuleaza in biofilm deoarece sunt retinute fizic de matricea EPS si redevin mai greu sensibile la agentii antimicrobieni.
Microbii din biofilm sunt mai putin susceptibili la atacul sistemului imunitar
si, in consecinta, o infectie asociata cu biofilm poate persista o perioada indelungata de timp.
Fagocitele au dificultati in a ingera bacteriile dintr-un biofilm datorita proprietatilor anti-fagotitare ale matricii biofilmului. In absenta anticorpilor specifici, componneta polizaharida a matricii biofilmului blocheaza activarea complementului. Daca anticorpii sunt prezenti, atunci matricea polimerica ii face ineficienti.
Structura biofilmului este in asa fel formata incat raspunsul sistemului imunitar este directionat doar spre acei antigeni aflati la suprafata exterioara a biofilmului, iar anticorpii si alte proteine serice nu pot penetra suficient de adanc in biofilm. Raspunsul sistemului imunitar implica generarea unor cantitati mari de enzime si citokine pro-inflamatorii, ceea ce duce la inflamatia cronica si, eventual, distrugerea tesuturilor din vecinatatea biofilmului.
Microbii din biofilm sunt de 1000 de ori mai rezistenti la antibiotice fata de cei liberi !
… si de aceea tratamentul oricarei infectii cronice sau recurente trebuie sa inceapa prin “spargerea” biofilmului.
Suport energetic pentru spargerea biofilmului
Deoarece fortele electrostatice joaca rolul principal in coeziunea biofilmului, este important ca orice metoda de spargere a biofilmului sa includa si o procedura de electrochelare. Centru EuVITA ofera aceasta procedura, impreuna cu o combinatie personalizata de electroterapie si suplimente, care adreseaza infectiile majore prezente in organism: bacterii, fungi etc, stimuleaza sistemul imunitar, astfel incat acesta sa “vada” patogenii, detoxifica organismul de compusii toxici ai microbilor (endotoxine, micotoxine etc), deblocheaza meridianele energetice etc
REFERINTE:
- “Role of Electrostatic Interactions in Cohesion of Bacterial Biofilms,” – Chen, X. , P. S. Stewart - Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 59: 7, (2002).
- “Bioelectric effect and bacterial biofilms. A systematic review.” – Del Pozo JL, Rouse MS, Patel R – Int J Artif Organs. 2008 Sep;31(9):786-95. – http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3910516/
- “Electric current and magnetic field effects on bacterial biofilms” – Elizabeth L. Sandvik, Montana State University, April 29, 2013
- “A Radio Frequency Electric Current Enhances Antibiotic Efficacy against Bacterial Biofilms” – R. Caubet, F. Pedarros-Caubet, M. Chu, E. Freye, M. de Belém Rodrigues, J. M. Moreau, W. J. Ellison – Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Dec 2004; 48(12): 4662–4664
- “Electric Current-Induced Detachment of Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilms from Surgical Stainless Steel” – Arnout J. van der Borden, Hester van der Werf, Henny C. van der Mei, Henk J. Busscher – Appl Environ Microbiol. Nov 2004; 70(11): 6871–6874.
- “Mechanism of electrical enhancement of efficacy of antibiotics in killing biofilm bacteria.” – Costerton JW, Ellis B, Lam K, Johnson F, Khoury AE – Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1994 Dec;38(12):2803-9.
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